ANÁLISIS TAXONÓMICO DEL PENSAMIENTO ESPACIAL EN LIBROS DE TEXTO DE GEOGRAFÍA ESCOLAR EN LA EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA COSTARRICENSE
Mots-clés :
Pensamiento espacial, Libros de texto, Geografía escolar, Ejercicios geográficos, Educación secundariaRésumé
El pensamiento espacial es una habilidad fundamental del pensamiento geográfico, que permite el razonamiento fundamentado del espacio a través de herramientas de representación. Este tipo de pensamiento es susceptible de ser desarrollado gradualmente por parte del estudiante en el contexto de educación formal, accediendo así a una mejor comprensión de procesos espaciales de diferentes temas sociales y ambientales de nuestro mundo. Estudios internacionales sugieren que el desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento espacial está ampliamente ausente, reducido o bien limitado en los libros de texto utilizados por estudiantes. El presente estudio identifica, a través del uso de una taxonomía de pensamiento espacial, el estado en el que se presenta esta habilidad en los ejercicios geográficos de los principales libros de texto de Geografía escolar utilizados en Costa Rica por estudiantes de educación secundaria en sétimo año. A partir del análisis de 690 ejercicios geográficos, la investigación encontró que tan sólo un 12% de las preguntas se asocian a procesos de aprendizaje que involucran algún desarrollo de pensamiento espacial de los estudiantes. Estos se relacionan principalmente a conceptos espaciales primitivos, procesos de razonamiento de entrada y escaso uso de herramientas de representación espacial. Además, el nivel de pensamiento espacial no varía significativamente entre temáticas geográficas. Los resultados encontrados se alinean a los resultados del contexto internacional, de escaso fomento al pensamiento espacial en libros de texto, lo cual implica un llamado a mejorar las formas en que este tipo de habilidad se presenta, fomenta y desarrolla en textos escolares de Geografía.
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