HEALTH INDICATORS USED FOR SITUATIONAL DIAGNOSIS IN TUBERCULOSIS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW
Keywords:
Tuberculosis, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Diagnosis of Health Situation, Health Status Indicators, Management IndicatorsAbstract
Background: The use of health indicators allows the assessment of the extent and magnitude of a characteristic or occurrence of a problem in each population. Objective: To analyze the health indicators used to perform the situational diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) according to national and international literature. Methods: An integrative review performed through the question “How have health indicators been used to make the situational diagnosis of TB?” elaborated on the PICo strategy in the LILACS, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. It was considered as criteria, primary studies with complete texts published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, and to answer the guiding question. Results: Of the 39 articles selected, health indicators were categorized in epidemiological, operational dimensions, management, quality of health services and programs, inputs, and medicines logistics, socioeconomic and demographic, access to health services, and registration and surveillance systems. Conclusions: The use of this indicators contributes to monitoring the effectiveness of TB coping and controlling actions.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. Geneva, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. Geneva, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565714
3. Magnabosco GT, Orfão NH, Brunello MEF et al. Novas doenças e ameaças antigas: a repercussão da COVID-19 no manejo da tuberculose. Saud Coletiv (Barueri) 2020, 10(54):2639-44.
4. Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Indicadores de Saúde: elementos conceituais e práticos. [Internet]. 2001. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49057
5. Pereira BS, Tomasi E. Instrumento de apoio à gestão regional de saúde para monitoramento de indicadores de saúde. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude 2016; 25(2): 411-8.
6. Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Organização Mundial da Saúde. Marco de referência sobre a dimensão comercial dos determinantes sociais da saúde: articulação com a agenda de enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. [Internet]. 2020. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52975
7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico da Tuberculose. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; [Internet]. 2021. Disponível em: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/boletim-tuberculose-2021
8. Ferreira MRL, Bonfim RO, Orfão NH. Desempenho dos Programas de Controle da Tuberculose: revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev Contexto & Saúde 2020; 20(41): 134-43.
9. Botelho LLR, Cunha CCA, Macedo M. O método da revisão integrativa nos estudos organizacionais. Gestão e Sociedade 2011; 5(11): 121–36.
10. Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2015; 13(3): 179–87.
11. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 2016; 5(1): 210.
12. Ursi ES. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: revisão integrativa da literatura. 2005. 130 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Enfermagem) – Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005.
13. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2008; 6(7): e1000097.
14. Bansal AK, Kulshrestha N, Nagaraja SB, et al. Composite indicator: new tool for monitoring RNTCP performance in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014; 18(7): 840-2.
15. Castro DB, Pinto RC, Albuquerque BC, et al. The Socioeconomic Factors and the Indigenous Component of Tuberculosis in Amazonas. PLoS One 2016; 11(6): e0158574.
16. Ceccon RF, Maffacciolli R, Burille A, et al. Tuberculosis mortality in Brazilian capitals, 2008-2010. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2017; 26(2): 349-58.
17. Cortez AO, Melo AC, Neves LO, et al. Tuberculosis in Brazil: one country, multiple realities. J Bras Pneumol. 2021; 47(2): e20200119.
18. Domínguez DYD, Concepción MIH, López LAR, et al. Evaluación del diagnóstico de tuberculosis según indicador sintético de localización de casos. Rev Ciencias Médicas 2014; 18(3): 401-13.
19. Ehman M, Shaw T, Cass A, et al. Developing and using performance measures based on surveillance data for program improvement in tuberculosis control. J Public Health Manag Pract 2013; 19(5): E29-37.
20. Elmadhoun WM, Noor SK, Bushara SO, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis and evaluation of treatment outcomes in the national tuberculosis control programme, River Nile state, Sudan, 2011-2013. East Mediterr Health J. 2016; 22(2): 95-102.
21. Fica A, Herrera T, Aguilera X. El deterioro de la tuberculosis en Chile. Rev Med Chil. 2019; 147(8):1042-52.
22. Galesi VMN, Almeida MMMB. Indicadores de morbimortalidade hospitalar de tuberculose no Município de São Paulo. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2007; 10(1): 48-55.
23. Golli AL, Niţu MF, Turcu F, et al. Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Romania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019; 23(2):226-31.
24. Gonçalves MJ, Penna ML. Morbidade por tuberculose e desempenho do programa de controle em municípios brasileiros, 2001-2003. Rev Saúde Pública 2007; 41(suppl 1): 95-103.
25. Gonzáles RI, Monroe AA, Arcêncio RA, et al. Performance indicators of DOT at home for tuberculosis control in a large city, SP, Brazil. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2008; 16(1): 95-100.
26. Gutiérrez M, Castilla J, Noguer I, et al. El consumo de fármacos antituberculosos como indicador de la situación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis en España. Gac Sanit 1999; 13(4):275-81.
27. Heck MA, Costa JS, Nunes MF. Avaliação do programa de tuberculose em Sapucaia do Sul (RS): indicadores, 2000-2008. Cien Saude Colet. 2013; 18(2): 481-8.
28. Jacobs MG, Pinto Junior VL. Brazilian cities profile, the occurence of tuberculosis an its drug-resistant form. Cien Saude Colet. 2019; 24(7): 2379-86.
29. Kebede A, Beyene D, Yenew B, et al. Monitoring quality indicators for the Xpert MTB/RIF molecular assay in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14(11):e0225205.
30. Khan MS, Ning Y, Jinou C, et al. Are global tuberculosis control targets overlooking an essential indicator? Prolonged delays to diagnosis despite high case detection rates in Yunnan, China. Health Policy Plan 2017; 32(suppl 2):i15-i21.
31. Kurt AO, Saşmaz T, Buğdayci R, et al. A five year retrospective surveillance; monitoring and evaluation for the regional tuberculosis control programme in Mersin, Turkey, 2004-2008. Cent Eur J Public Health 2012; 20(2):144-9.
32. Li Y, Ehiri J, Hu D, et al. Framework of behavioral indicators for outcome evaluation of TB health promotion: a Delphi study of TB suspects and Tb patients. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:268.
33. Lopez De Fede A, Stewart JE, Harris MJ, et al. Tuberculosis in socio-economically deprived neighborhoods: missed opportunities for prevention. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(12):1425-30.
34. Macedo LR, Maciel ELN, Struchiner CJ. Tuberculosis in the Brazilian imprisoned population, 2007-2013. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(4):783-94.
35. Manjuba C, Nogueira PA, Abrahão RMCM. A situação epidemiológica da tuberculose na República da Guiné-Bissau, 2000 - 2005. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2008; 11(1): 97-105.
36. Maronna A, Souza RA, Montes FCOF. Description of the quality indicators defined in the National Reference Laboratory in Tuberculosis of CRPHF/Ensp/Fiocruz by means of the process mapping methodology. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2017; 53(3): 165-76.
37. Matutano CC, Murciano CS, Martín MP, et al. Infección tuberculosa en Sagunto: indicadores de infección y estudio de los contactos de los niños tuberculín-positivos. Gac Sanit. 1989; 3(14): 502-6.
38. Murcia PRG, Estupiñán FA, Rigau JMM, et al. Evaluación de los indicadores epidemiológicos del programa de la tuberculosis. Matanzas. Años 2002-2006. Rev méd electrón. 2009; 31(2).
39. Pérez LA, Chacón DP, Peraza MC, et al. Validez y fiabilidad de indicadores sintéticos para la vigilancia y control de la tuberculosis. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2015; 67(1): 28-40.
40. Raviglione MC, Dye C, Schmidt S, et al. Assessment of worldwide tuberculosis control. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. Lancet 1997; 350(9078): 624-9.
41. Rieder HL, Anderson C, Dara M, et al. Methodological issues in quantifying the magnitude of the tuberculosis problem in a prison population. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011; 15(5): 662-7.
42. Rodrigo T, Caylà JA, Galdós-Tanguis H, et al. Proposing indicators for evaluation of tuberculosis control programmes in large cities based on the experience of Barcelona. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001; 5(5): 432-40.
43. Rodríguez IG, Murcia PRG, Hernández OD, et al. Evaluación de los indicadores epidemiológicos del programa de la tuberculosis. Municipio Matanzas. 2000-2006. Rev méd electrón 2011; 33(2).
44. Roque-Henríquez J, Catacora-López F, Hilasaca-Yungas G, et al. Evaluación de los indicadores de detección de tuberculosis en una región con alto riesgo de trasmisión en Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2015; 32(3): 504-8.
45. Santos TR, Padoveze MC, Nichiata LY, et al. Indicators to assess the quality of programs to prevent occupational risk for tuberculosis: are they feasible? Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2016; 24: e2695.
46. Selvakumar N, Silambuchelvi K, Gomathi Sekar M, et al. Quality indicators in mycobacteriology laboratory supporting clinical trials for pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2012; 1(4): 185-9.
47. Severo TJ, González RO, Castrillo AOD, et al. Evaluación de la detección de casos de tuberculosis mediante un indicador sintético en dos municipios de Ciudad de La Habana. Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol., v. 46, n. 3, 2008.
48. Silva GDM, Duarte EC, Cruz OG. et al. Identificação de microrregiões com subnotificação de casos de tuberculose no Brasil, 2012 a 2014. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2020; 29(1): e2018485.
49. Tender EK, Atasige S, Bandoh DA, et al. Progress towards eliminating tuberculosis in Ga West Municipality, Ghana: analysis of tuberculosis surveillance data, 2017. Ghana Med J. 2020; 54(Suppl. 2): 26-31.
50. Van Deun A, Zwahlen M, Bola V, et al. Validation of candidate smear microscopy quality indicators, extracted from tuberculosis laboratory registers. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007; 11(3): 300-5.
51. Wei W, Wei-Sheng Z, Ahan A, et al. The Characteristics of TB Epidemic and TB/HIV Co-Infection Epidemic: A 2007-2013 Retrospective Study in Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China. PLoS One 2016; 11(10): e0164947.
52. Wysocki AD, Ponce MAZ, Brunello MEF, et al. Primary Health Care and tuberculosis: services evaluation. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017; 20(1): 161-75.
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. Geneva, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565714
3. Magnabosco GT, Orfão NH, Brunello MEF et al. Novas doenças e ameaças antigas: a repercussão da COVID-19 no manejo da tuberculose. Saud Coletiv (Barueri) 2020, 10(54):2639-44.
4. Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Indicadores de Saúde: elementos conceituais e práticos. [Internet]. 2001. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49057
5. Pereira BS, Tomasi E. Instrumento de apoio à gestão regional de saúde para monitoramento de indicadores de saúde. Epidemiol. Serv. Saude 2016; 25(2): 411-8.
6. Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Organização Mundial da Saúde. Marco de referência sobre a dimensão comercial dos determinantes sociais da saúde: articulação com a agenda de enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. [Internet]. 2020. Disponível em: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/52975
7. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico da Tuberculose. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; [Internet]. 2021. Disponível em: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2021/boletim-tuberculose-2021
8. Ferreira MRL, Bonfim RO, Orfão NH. Desempenho dos Programas de Controle da Tuberculose: revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev Contexto & Saúde 2020; 20(41): 134-43.
9. Botelho LLR, Cunha CCA, Macedo M. O método da revisão integrativa nos estudos organizacionais. Gestão e Sociedade 2011; 5(11): 121–36.
10. Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2015; 13(3): 179–87.
11. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, et al. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 2016; 5(1): 210.
12. Ursi ES. Prevenção de lesões de pele no perioperatório: revisão integrativa da literatura. 2005. 130 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Enfermagem) – Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005.
13. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2008; 6(7): e1000097.
14. Bansal AK, Kulshrestha N, Nagaraja SB, et al. Composite indicator: new tool for monitoring RNTCP performance in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014; 18(7): 840-2.
15. Castro DB, Pinto RC, Albuquerque BC, et al. The Socioeconomic Factors and the Indigenous Component of Tuberculosis in Amazonas. PLoS One 2016; 11(6): e0158574.
16. Ceccon RF, Maffacciolli R, Burille A, et al. Tuberculosis mortality in Brazilian capitals, 2008-2010. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 2017; 26(2): 349-58.
17. Cortez AO, Melo AC, Neves LO, et al. Tuberculosis in Brazil: one country, multiple realities. J Bras Pneumol. 2021; 47(2): e20200119.
18. Domínguez DYD, Concepción MIH, López LAR, et al. Evaluación del diagnóstico de tuberculosis según indicador sintético de localización de casos. Rev Ciencias Médicas 2014; 18(3): 401-13.
19. Ehman M, Shaw T, Cass A, et al. Developing and using performance measures based on surveillance data for program improvement in tuberculosis control. J Public Health Manag Pract 2013; 19(5): E29-37.
20. Elmadhoun WM, Noor SK, Bushara SO, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis and evaluation of treatment outcomes in the national tuberculosis control programme, River Nile state, Sudan, 2011-2013. East Mediterr Health J. 2016; 22(2): 95-102.
21. Fica A, Herrera T, Aguilera X. El deterioro de la tuberculosis en Chile. Rev Med Chil. 2019; 147(8):1042-52.
22. Galesi VMN, Almeida MMMB. Indicadores de morbimortalidade hospitalar de tuberculose no Município de São Paulo. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2007; 10(1): 48-55.
23. Golli AL, Niţu MF, Turcu F, et al. Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in Romania. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019; 23(2):226-31.
24. Gonçalves MJ, Penna ML. Morbidade por tuberculose e desempenho do programa de controle em municípios brasileiros, 2001-2003. Rev Saúde Pública 2007; 41(suppl 1): 95-103.
25. Gonzáles RI, Monroe AA, Arcêncio RA, et al. Performance indicators of DOT at home for tuberculosis control in a large city, SP, Brazil. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2008; 16(1): 95-100.
26. Gutiérrez M, Castilla J, Noguer I, et al. El consumo de fármacos antituberculosos como indicador de la situación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis en España. Gac Sanit 1999; 13(4):275-81.
27. Heck MA, Costa JS, Nunes MF. Avaliação do programa de tuberculose em Sapucaia do Sul (RS): indicadores, 2000-2008. Cien Saude Colet. 2013; 18(2): 481-8.
28. Jacobs MG, Pinto Junior VL. Brazilian cities profile, the occurence of tuberculosis an its drug-resistant form. Cien Saude Colet. 2019; 24(7): 2379-86.
29. Kebede A, Beyene D, Yenew B, et al. Monitoring quality indicators for the Xpert MTB/RIF molecular assay in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14(11):e0225205.
30. Khan MS, Ning Y, Jinou C, et al. Are global tuberculosis control targets overlooking an essential indicator? Prolonged delays to diagnosis despite high case detection rates in Yunnan, China. Health Policy Plan 2017; 32(suppl 2):i15-i21.
31. Kurt AO, Saşmaz T, Buğdayci R, et al. A five year retrospective surveillance; monitoring and evaluation for the regional tuberculosis control programme in Mersin, Turkey, 2004-2008. Cent Eur J Public Health 2012; 20(2):144-9.
32. Li Y, Ehiri J, Hu D, et al. Framework of behavioral indicators for outcome evaluation of TB health promotion: a Delphi study of TB suspects and Tb patients. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:268.
33. Lopez De Fede A, Stewart JE, Harris MJ, et al. Tuberculosis in socio-economically deprived neighborhoods: missed opportunities for prevention. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(12):1425-30.
34. Macedo LR, Maciel ELN, Struchiner CJ. Tuberculosis in the Brazilian imprisoned population, 2007-2013. Epidemiol Serv Saude 2017; 26(4):783-94.
35. Manjuba C, Nogueira PA, Abrahão RMCM. A situação epidemiológica da tuberculose na República da Guiné-Bissau, 2000 - 2005. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2008; 11(1): 97-105.
36. Maronna A, Souza RA, Montes FCOF. Description of the quality indicators defined in the National Reference Laboratory in Tuberculosis of CRPHF/Ensp/Fiocruz by means of the process mapping methodology. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2017; 53(3): 165-76.
37. Matutano CC, Murciano CS, Martín MP, et al. Infección tuberculosa en Sagunto: indicadores de infección y estudio de los contactos de los niños tuberculín-positivos. Gac Sanit. 1989; 3(14): 502-6.
38. Murcia PRG, Estupiñán FA, Rigau JMM, et al. Evaluación de los indicadores epidemiológicos del programa de la tuberculosis. Matanzas. Años 2002-2006. Rev méd electrón. 2009; 31(2).
39. Pérez LA, Chacón DP, Peraza MC, et al. Validez y fiabilidad de indicadores sintéticos para la vigilancia y control de la tuberculosis. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2015; 67(1): 28-40.
40. Raviglione MC, Dye C, Schmidt S, et al. Assessment of worldwide tuberculosis control. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. Lancet 1997; 350(9078): 624-9.
41. Rieder HL, Anderson C, Dara M, et al. Methodological issues in quantifying the magnitude of the tuberculosis problem in a prison population. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011; 15(5): 662-7.
42. Rodrigo T, Caylà JA, Galdós-Tanguis H, et al. Proposing indicators for evaluation of tuberculosis control programmes in large cities based on the experience of Barcelona. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001; 5(5): 432-40.
43. Rodríguez IG, Murcia PRG, Hernández OD, et al. Evaluación de los indicadores epidemiológicos del programa de la tuberculosis. Municipio Matanzas. 2000-2006. Rev méd electrón 2011; 33(2).
44. Roque-Henríquez J, Catacora-López F, Hilasaca-Yungas G, et al. Evaluación de los indicadores de detección de tuberculosis en una región con alto riesgo de trasmisión en Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2015; 32(3): 504-8.
45. Santos TR, Padoveze MC, Nichiata LY, et al. Indicators to assess the quality of programs to prevent occupational risk for tuberculosis: are they feasible? Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2016; 24: e2695.
46. Selvakumar N, Silambuchelvi K, Gomathi Sekar M, et al. Quality indicators in mycobacteriology laboratory supporting clinical trials for pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2012; 1(4): 185-9.
47. Severo TJ, González RO, Castrillo AOD, et al. Evaluación de la detección de casos de tuberculosis mediante un indicador sintético en dos municipios de Ciudad de La Habana. Rev Cubana Hig Epidemiol., v. 46, n. 3, 2008.
48. Silva GDM, Duarte EC, Cruz OG. et al. Identificação de microrregiões com subnotificação de casos de tuberculose no Brasil, 2012 a 2014. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 2020; 29(1): e2018485.
49. Tender EK, Atasige S, Bandoh DA, et al. Progress towards eliminating tuberculosis in Ga West Municipality, Ghana: analysis of tuberculosis surveillance data, 2017. Ghana Med J. 2020; 54(Suppl. 2): 26-31.
50. Van Deun A, Zwahlen M, Bola V, et al. Validation of candidate smear microscopy quality indicators, extracted from tuberculosis laboratory registers. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007; 11(3): 300-5.
51. Wei W, Wei-Sheng Z, Ahan A, et al. The Characteristics of TB Epidemic and TB/HIV Co-Infection Epidemic: A 2007-2013 Retrospective Study in Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China. PLoS One 2016; 11(10): e0164947.
52. Wysocki AD, Ponce MAZ, Brunello MEF, et al. Primary Health Care and tuberculosis: services evaluation. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017; 20(1): 161-75.
Downloads
Published
2023-07-12
How to Cite
Halax Orfão, N., Ferreira, M. R. L., Bonfim, R. O., & Souza, G. A. S. C. de. (2023). HEALTH INDICATORS USED FOR SITUATIONAL DIAGNOSIS IN TUBERCULOSIS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW. Práticas E Cuidado: Revista De Saúde Coletiva, 4, e16391. Retrieved from https://revistas.uneb.br/index.php/saudecoletiva/article/view/16391
Issue
Section
Literature review
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Nathalia Halax Orfão, Melisane Regina Lima Ferreira, Rafaele Oliveira Bonfim, Gisele Aparecida Soares Cunha de Souza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright
Submission of originals to Práticas e Cuidado: Revista de Saúde Coletiva (Practices and Care: Journal of Public Health - PC-RESC) implies the transfer of publication rights by the authors. The copyright for manuscripts published in this journal belongs to the authors, with PC-RESC retaining rights over the first publication. The authors may only use the same results in other publications if they explicitly indicate PC-RESC as the original publication medium.
Creative Commons License
Except where otherwise specified, the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License apply to the material published in this journal, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is correctly cited.
This magazine is licensed under a License 