Epilogue (as Prologue): Toward an Understanding of What Sustains or Destroys Affirmative Action Policies

Tanya Katerí Hernández

doi:10.30620/pdi.v14n3.p223

Autores

Tanya Katerí Hernández Fordham University - EUA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-9749

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30620/pdi.v14n3.p223

Palavras-chave:

Ação afirmativa. Diversidade. Equidade. Reparações.

Resumo

This article compares the U.S. dismantling of affirmative action to the Brazilian recharged support of affirmative action. It then assesses how the contrasting racial logics utilized In the two countries to justify the existence of affirmative action yielded opposing results. The conclusion of the analysis is that the U.S. Individualistic diversity justification for affirmative action Incorporated such a thin understanding of the relevance of racial difference that its opponents were better able to attack it. The different Brazilian view of affirmative action as essential for Black collective rights gave its policies a much stronger legal foundation. As a result, Brazil is now a better model of affirmative action for other nations to follow than is the United States.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Tanya Katerí Hernández, Fordham University - EUA

Professora Archibald R. Murray de Direito na Faculdade de Direito da Fordham University, onde é Diretora Associada do Centro de Raça, Direito e Justiça e Chefe de Programas e Iniciativas de Direito Global e Comparativo. Bolsista Fulbright. Possui bacharelado pela Brown University e doutorado jurídico pela Universidade de Yale. A professora Hernández atuou anteriormente como bolsista de Direito e Políticas Públicas na Universidade de Princeton, bolsista do corpo docente do Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality e como bolsista residente no Schomburg Center for Research In Black Culture. Membro da American Bar Foundation, do American Law Institute e da Academia Puertorriqueña de Jurisprudencia y Legislación. Foi eleita uma das 100 hispânicas mais Influentes pela Hispanic Business Magazine. Recebeu do Controlador Geral de Nova York, Brad Lander, a Comenda por “contribuições extraordinárias ao antirracismo”. Possui diversos livros publicados, entre eles, Subordinação racial no Brasil e na América Latina o Papel do Estado, o Direito Costumeiro e a Nova Resposta dos Direitos Civis.

Referências

ADPF 186 (Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental n. 186. https://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/noticianoticiastfarquivo/anexo/adpf186.pdf.

AGÊNCIA SENADO. Sancionada ampliação da Lei de Cotas. Nov. 14, 2023. https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2023/11/14/sancionada-ampliacao-da-lei-de-cotas.

BELL, D. Diversity’s Distractions. Columbia Law Review, 103, 16221633. 2003.

CARBADO, D.,W.; HARRIS, C. I. The New Racial Preferences. California Law Review, 96, 1139-1213. 2008.

CROSBY, F. J., et al. Affirmative Action: Psychological Data and the Policy Debates. American Psychologist, 58, 93-115. 2003.

CHO, S. Post-Racialism. Iowa Law Review, 94, 1589–1650. 2009.

DEO, M. Affirmative Action Rationales & Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of the United States & India. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, Dec. 16, 2013. Available at http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/0/4 /4/8/pages104489/p104489-1.php. Accessed on 18 Nov. 2014.

DURKEE, ALISON. Supreme Court Gets Rid of Affirmative Action In College Admissions, Forbes, June 29, 2023. Available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2023/06/29/supreme-court-gets-rid-of-affirmative-action-in-college-admissions/?sh=1f827eb32857.

GRUTTER V. BOLLINGER, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).

GUINIER, L. The Tyranny of the Meritocracy: Democratizing Higher Education In America. Boston, MA, US: Beacon Press, 2015.

KINDER, D. R.; WINTER, N. Exploring the Racial Divide: Blacks, Whites, and Opinion on National Policy. American Journal of Political Science, 45, 439-456. Apr. 2001.

KIRKLAND, A.; HANSEN, B.,B. “How Do I Bring Diversity?” Race and Class In the College Admissions Essay. Law and Society Review, 45, 103-138. 2011.

LAWRENCE III, C. R. Each Other’s Harvest: Diversity’s Deeper Meaning. University of San Francisco Law Review, 31, 757-778. 1997.

LAWRENCE III, C. R. Two Views of the River: A Critique of the Liberal Defense of Affirmative Action. Columbia Law Review, 10, 928-976. 2001.

LEI NO. 12.711 de 29/08/2012. Available at https://normas.leg.br/?urn=urn:lex:br:federal:lei:2012-08-29;12711.

LEI NO. 14.723 de 13/11/2023. Available at https://normas.leg.br/?urn=urn:lex:br:federal:lei:2023-11-13;14723.

MILLS, CHARLES W. Epilogue (as Prologue): Toward a Black Radical Liberalism. In: Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism. New York: Oxford Academic, 2017. Online ed. available at https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190245412.003.0011. Accessed Aug. 13, 2024.

PARENTS INVOLVED IN COMMUNITY SCHOOLS V. SEATTLE SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 1, 551 U.S. 701. 2007.

PLITMANN, YAEL. Authentic Compliance With a Symbolic Legal Standard? How Critical Race Theory Can Change Institutionalist Studies on Diversity In the Workplace. Law & Social Inquiry, 47, 331-346. 2022.

REGENTS V. BAKKE, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

RESKIN, B. Unconsciousness Raising: The Pernicious Effects of Unconscious Biasing. Regional Review, 14, 33-37. 2005.

RICKARD, J. What to Expect from Common App after the Supreme Court Decision on Race-Conscious Admissions. Common App, June 29, 2023. Available at https://www.commonapp.org/race-in-admissions.

ROSS, T. Innocence and Affirmative Action. Vanderbilt Law Review, 43, 297-316. 1990.

SCHUETTE V. COALITION TO DEFEND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, 134 S. Ct. 1623. 2014.

SHERMAN, MARK. Divided Supreme Court Outlaws Affirmative Action In College Admissions, Says Race Can’t be Used. Associated Press, June 29, 2023. Available at https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-affirmative-action-college-race-f83d6318017ec9b9029b12ee2256e744.

(SFFA) STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS V. HARVARD, 600 U.S. 181. 2023.

TREVINO, DJ. The Currency of Reparations: Affirmative Action In College Admissions. Scholar, 4, 439-471. 2002.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE ARCHIVED CONTENT, U.S.-Brazil Joint Action Plan to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Promote Equality. 2011. Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/wha/rt/social/brazil/index.htm.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE ARCHIVED CONTENT, Joint Action Plan Between the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Government of the United States of America to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Promote Equality. Mar. 13, 2008. Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/wha/rls/2008/111446.htm.

U.S. DEP’T OF STATE ARCHIVED CONTENT, U.S.-Brazil Joint Action Plan Releases. 2013. Available at https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/wha/rt/social/brazil/rls/index.htm.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, U.S.-Brazil Joint Action Plan To Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Promote Equality. 2011. Available at https://www.state.gov/u-s-brazil-joint-action-plan-to-eliminate-racial-and-ethnic-discrimination.

U.S. EMBASSY & CONSULATES IN BRAZIL, Joint Statement on the Joint Action Plan to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Promote Equality. May 3, 2023. https://br.usembassy.gov/joint-statement-on-the-joint-action-plan-to-eliminate-racial-and-ethnic-discrimination-and-promote-equality.

WARIKOO, N. The Diversity Bargain: And Other Dilemmas of Race, Admissions, and Meritocracy at Elite Universities. Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Press, 2016.

WARIKOO, N. Is Affirmative Action Fair? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2023.

WORTHAM, JENNA J. The Afterlives of Audre Lorde. New York Times Magazine, p. 36-41, 2024.